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The elite classes of Roman society constructed their residences with elaborate marble decorations, inlaid marble paneling, door jambs and columns as well as expensive paintings and frescoes. [3] Many poor and lower-middle-class Romans lived in crowded, dirty and mostly rundown rental apartments, known as insulae. These multi-level apartment ...
Pragmatic readings emphasize the utility of re-used materials: if there is a good supply of old marble columns available, for example, there is no need to produce new ones. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive, and there is certainly no one approach that can account for all instances of spoliation, as each instance must be evaluated ...
Augustus instituted reforms aimed at increasing the safety of buildings in the city of Rome. [18] Because of the dangers of fire and collapse, the height of the insulae were restricted by Augustus to 70 Roman feet called the pes (20.7 m), and again to an unspecified amount [4] by Emperor Nero after The Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD.
Marble from Fauske Municipality in Norway Blocks of Carrara marble in Italy. The following is a list of various types of marble according to location. (NB: Marble-like stone which is not true marble according to geologists is included, but is indicated by italics with geologic classification given as footnote.
Bands, panels and shaped reserves of intricate mosaic alternate with contrasting bands, guilloches and simple geometric shapes of plain white marble. Pavements and revetments were executed in Cosmatesque technique, columns were inlaid with fillets and bands, and immovable church furnishings like cathedras and ambones were similarly treated.
Four columns adjoined a reference desk at the center of the rotunda. Above the columns was a decorative iron structure topped by a four-sided clock with a bronze sculpture of an eagle. [77] Each of the rotunda's main walls includes four Vermont granite columns with gilt-bronze, Ionic-style capitals that screen the rotunda from the ambulatory. [78]
The nearly 2,000-year-old synagogue was richly decorated, with a tiled roof, painted and marble-tiled walls and strong floors, the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences said ...
Italian scagliola top, second half of the 18th century. Scagliola (from the Italian scaglia, meaning "chips") is a type of fine plaster used in architecture and sculpture.The same term identifies the technique for producing columns, sculptures, and other architectural elements that resemble inlays in marble. [1]