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When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the circle that best approximates that line has a radius of (which equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum), or 6335.439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius , or 6399.594 km, a 1% difference. So long as a spherical Earth is assumed ...
Simpson's rules are used to calculate the volume of lifeboats, [6] and by surveyors to calculate the volume of sludge in a ship's oil tanks. For instance, in the latter, Simpson's 3rd rule is used to find the volume between two co-ordinates. To calculate the entire area / volume, Simpson's first rule is used. [7]
The surface of a sphere can be completely described by two dimensions, since no matter how rough the surface may appear to be, it is still only a surface, which is the two-dimensional outside border of a volume. Even the surface of the Earth, which is fractal in complexity, is still only a two-dimensional boundary along the outside of a volume. [3]
In 1907, Edgar Buckingham created the first water retention curve. [2] It was measured and made for six soils varying in texture from sand to clay. The data came from experiments made on soil columns 48 inch tall, where a constant water level maintained about 2 inches above the bottom through periodic addition of water from a side tube.
Calculating the distance between geographical coordinates is based on some level of abstraction; it does not provide an exact distance, which is unattainable if one attempted to account for every irregularity in the surface of the Earth. [1] Common abstractions for the surface between two geographic points are: Flat surface; Spherical surface;
The fixed rate for a 15-year mortgage is 5.84%, down 12 basis points from last week's average 5.96%. These figures are lower than a year ago, when rates averaged 6.95% for a 30-year term and 6.38% ...
L 1, L 2: longitude of the points; L = L 2 − L 1: difference in longitude of two points; λ: Difference in longitude of the points on the auxiliary sphere; α 1, α 2: forward azimuths at the points; α: forward azimuth of the geodesic at the equator, if it were extended that far; s: ellipsoidal distance between the two points; σ: angular ...
$12.50 off each box of 10 filters or a new pitcher and pack of two filters. No more plastic bottles—say hello to Brita! Whether you’re stocking up on the 10-count box of filters or grabbing a ...