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The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...
From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-1951-2903-2; Litwack, Leon F. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. ISBN 0-3945-2778-X; Lopez, Ian F. Haney.
This is a list of examples of Jim Crow laws, which were state, territorial, and local laws in the United States enacted between 1877 and 1965. Jim Crow laws existed throughout the United States and originated from the Black Codes that were passed from 1865 to 1866 and from before the American Civil War.
Black codes in South Carolina were a series of laws meant to prevent African Americans of civil liberties. Black codes applied only to "persons of color," defined as including anyone with more than one eighth, or 12.5% "Negro blood." [44] Below are some examples of Black codes passed by the South Carolina General Assembly.
Jim Crow practices in Fort Worth began with a lack of official Black police officers.
“During Jim Crow, the Black family was together,” Donalds explained to the crowd at the white-owned business in one of the “whitest and most conservative” parts of the city where Donalds ...
[citation needed] They were also subjected to Black Codes and discriminated against in the Southern states by Jim Crow laws. Voter suppression efforts around the country, though mainly motivated by political considerations, often effectively disproportionately affect African Americans and other minorities. In 2016, one in 13 African-Americans ...
Black and White residents picket on Congress Avenue to protest segregation in Austin in 1960. During the Jim Crow era, Black people in the South were subject to multiple forms of state-sponsored ...