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A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.
[4] [5] [6] The CALPHAD approach is based on the fact that a phase diagram is a manifestation of the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system, which are the sum of the properties of the individual phases. [7] It is thus possible to calculate a phase diagram by first assessing the thermodynamic properties of all the phases in a system.
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water.
The phase space can also refer to the space that is parameterized by the macroscopic states of the system, such as pressure, temperature, etc. For instance, one may view the pressure–volume diagram or temperature–entropy diagram as describing part of this phase space. A point in this phase space is correspondingly called a macrostate.
Ternary plots can also be used to create phase diagrams by outlining the composition regions on the plot where different phases exist. The values of a point on a ternary plot correspond (up to a constant) to its trilinear coordinates or barycentric coordinates .
This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions. In physics , chemistry , and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change ) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another.
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In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.