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Diabetic embryopathy refers to congenital maldevelopments that are linked to maternal diabetes. [1] Prenatal exposure to hyperglycemia can result in spontaneous abortions, perinatal mortality, and malformations. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic pregnancies both increase the risk of diabetes-induced teratogenicity. [2]
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a disease that affects an infant and their body's ability to produce or use insulin. NDM is a kind of diabetes that is monogenic (regulated by a single gene) and arises in the first 6 months of life. Infants do not produce enough insulin, leading to an increase in
Pre-gestational diabetes can be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the physiological mechanism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder leading to destruction of insulin-producing cell in the pancreas; type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
Type 1 diabetes, also known as "Juvenile-onset" Diabetes is increasing in children and adolescents under the age of 15. [128] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the beta-cells produced by the pancreas; therefore, causing the body to have insulin deficiency. [ 129 ]
The main goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose (BG) levels as normal as possible. [1] If diabetes is not well controlled, further challenges to health may occur. [1] People with diabetes can measure blood sugar by various methods, such as with a BG meter or a continuous glucose monitor, which monitors over several days. [2]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. Treatments include agents that (1) increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, (2) increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, (3) decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and (4) increase the loss of glucose through ...
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends avoiding the use of metformin in more severe chronic kidney disease, below the eGFR cutoff of 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2. [94] Lactate uptake by the liver is diminished with metformin use because lactate is a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis , a process that metformin inhibits.
[1] [3] [2] The foundation of diabetes education is learning how to recognize the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, as well as learning how to act quickly to prevent worsening of an episode. [2] Another cornerstone of prevention is strong self-monitoring of blood glucose, with consistent and frequent measurements. [ 2 ]