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Most people in Anglo-Saxon England lived in small agricultural communities under the control of a lord. These communities were called tuns, townships , vills , or manors . The king could grant ecclesiastical and lay lords the right of sac and soc ("cause and suit"), toll and team , and infangenetheof over their estates.
The Normans persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule England. [1] However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest, [2] came to be known as Englishry under Norman rule, and through social and cultural integration with Romano-British Celts, Danes and Normans ...
Warfare was endemic in early Anglo-Saxon England, and major conflicts still occurred approximately every generation in the later period. [282] Groups of well-armed noblemen and their households formed the heart of these armies, supported by larger numbers of temporary troops levied from across the kingdom, called the fyrd. [283]
The end of Roman rule in Britain facilitated the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, which historians often regard as the origin of England and of the English people. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in present-day England and parts of southern Scotland. [3]
William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, defeating the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings and placing the country under Norman rule.This campaign was followed by fierce military operations known as the Harrying of the North between 1069–1070, extending Norman authority across the north of England.
The breakdown of the estimates given in this work into the modern populations of Britain determined that the population of eastern England is consistent with 38% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, with a large spread from 25 to 50%, and the Welsh and Scottish samples are consistent with 30% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, again with a large spread.
In modern times, the term "Anglo-Saxons" is used by scholars to refer collectively to the Old English speaking groups in Britain. As a compound term, it has the advantage of covering the various English-speaking groups on the one hand, and to avoid possible misunderstandings from using the terms "Saxons" or "Angles" (English), both of which terms could be used either as collectives referring ...
By 865, Viking invaders had conquered all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except Wessex, which survived under the rule of Alfred the Great (r. 871–899). [2] [3] Alfred's son Edward the Elder (r. 899–924) and grandson Æthelstan (r. 924–939) gradually expanded and consolidated their control over the rest of England. [4]