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Most people in Anglo-Saxon England lived in small agricultural communities under the control of a lord. These communities were called tuns, townships , vills , or manors . The king could grant ecclesiastical and lay lords the right of sac and soc ("cause and suit"), toll and team , and infangenetheof over their estates.
The Normans persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule England. [1] However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest, [2] came to be known as Englishry under Norman rule, and through social and cultural integration with Romano-British Celts, Danes and Normans ...
The breakdown of the estimates given in this work into the modern populations of Britain determined that the population of eastern England is consistent with 38% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, with a large spread from 25 to 50%, and the Welsh and Scottish samples are consistent with 30% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, again with a large spread.
By 865, Viking invaders had conquered all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except Wessex, which survived under the rule of Alfred the Great (r. 871–899). [2] [3] Alfred's son Edward the Elder (r. 899–924) and grandson Æthelstan (r. 924–939) gradually expanded and consolidated their control over the rest of England. [4]
In modern times, the term "Anglo-Saxons" is used by scholars to refer collectively to the Old English speaking groups in Britain. As a compound term, it has the advantage of covering the various English-speaking groups on the one hand, and to avoid possible misunderstandings from using the terms "Saxons" or "Angles" (English), both of which terms could be used either as collectives referring ...
The Normans persecuted the Anglo-Saxons and overthrew their ruling class to substitute their own leaders to oversee and rule England. However, Anglo-Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman Conquest, came to be known as Englishry under Norman rule, and through social and cultural integration with Romano-British Celts, Danes and Normans became ...
Mercian power reached its peak under the rule of Offa, who from 785 had influence over most of Anglo-Saxon England. Since Offa's death in 796, the supremacy of Wessex was established under Egbert who extended control west into Cornwall before defeating the Mercians at the Battle of Ellendun in 825.
William used a network of castles to control the major centres of power, granting extensive lands to his main Norman followers and co-opting or eliminating the former Anglo-Saxon elite. [25] Major revolts followed, which William suppressed before intervening in the north-east of England, establishing Norman control of York and devastating the ...