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  2. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

    For example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, a would become D, b would become E, y would become B and so on. The Vigenère cipher has several Caesar ciphers in sequence with different shift values. To encrypt, a table of alphabets can be used, termed a tabula recta, Vigenère square or Vigenère table. It has the alphabet written out 26 times in ...

  3. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

    In cryptanalysis, Kasiski examination (also known as Kasiski's test or Kasiski's method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenère cipher. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, [ 3 ] but seems to have been independently discovered by Charles Babbage as early as 1846.

  4. Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cryptology_from...

    If, for example, the plaintext battle engaged is aa on chart 1, ab on chart 2, and ac on chart 3, then switching between the charts in order will pose much less difficulty for the cryptanalyst than using the charts in a more random order. Regular polyalphabetic substitution ciphers often rely on code words to determine alphabet changes.

  5. Polyalphabetic cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher

    A polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.

  6. Mortgage and refinance rates for Dec. 30, 2024: Average ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/mortgage-and-refinance-rates...

    Average mortgage rates open the New Year holiday week higher as of Monday, December 30, 2024, pushing the 30-year benchmark past 7.00% and to its highest levels since July.

  7. Timeline of cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography

    1450–1520 – The Voynich manuscript, an example of a possibly encoded illustrated book, is written. 1466 – Leon Battista Alberti invents polyalphabetic cipher, also first known mechanical cipher machine; 1518 – Johannes Trithemius' book on cryptology; 1553 – Bellaso invents Vigenère cipher; 1585 – Vigenère's book on ciphers

  8. The upperclassmen: Oregon, Ohio St. leaned on well-traveled ...

    www.aol.com/upperclassmen-oregon-ohio-st-leaned...

    Oregon and Ohio State are two of the most daunting teams left in the College Football Playoff in no small part because they've both got starting quarterbacks who had already seen — and beaten ...

  9. Israel and Lebanon trade accusations of ceasefire violations ...

    www.aol.com/israel-agreed-truce-lebanon-means...

    Israel and Lebanon have accepted a proposal to end the 13-month border conflict that spiraled into an all-out war with Hezbollah. Here are the details about the Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire deal