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Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Norse explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries.
Anglo-Saxon England: Hen Ogledd 638 Kingdom of Strathclyde: Viking raids: 843 845: Kingdom of Brittany 878: Danelaw 911: Duchy of Normandy 927: Kingdom of England 1054: Kingdom of Alba: Norman conquest of England: 1079: Kingdom of Mann and the Isles 1098: Cymru Kingdom of Norway Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: 1171: Lordship of Ireland 1204 ...
The Anglo-Saxon 'Cotton' world map (c. 1040). Britain and Ireland are bottom left. This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography, the Latin version by Priscian of the Periegesis, that was among the manuscripts in the Cotton library (MS. Tiberius B.V., fol. 56v), now in the British Library.
[1] [2] [3] The barbarian kingdoms were the principal governments in Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages. The time of the barbarian kingdoms is considered to have come to an end with Charlemagne's coronation as emperor in 800, though a handful of small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms persisted until being unified by Alfred the Great in 886. [4]
The Anglo-Saxon historian Æthelweard was very specific in his chronicle and said that "the fleets of the viking tyrant Ivar the Boneless landed in England from the north". [34] [35] The Vikings had been defeated by the West Saxon King Æthelwulf in 851, so rather than land in Wessex they decided to go further north to East Anglia.
In 865, an enlarged army arrived that the Anglo-Saxons described as the Great Heathen Army. This was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army. [95] Within ten years nearly all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fell to the invaders: Northumbria in 867, East Anglia in 869, and nearly all of Mercia in 874–77. [95]
The North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark [a] and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age. [1] This ephemeral Norse-ruled empire was a thalassocracy, its components only connected by and dependent upon the sea. [2]
Medieval Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon sources tell of Migration Age Swedish kings belonging to the Scylfing dynasty, also known as Ynglings. Some sources, such as Íslendingabók , Ynglinga saga and Historia Norwegiæ trace the foundation of the Swedish kingdom back to the last centuries BC.