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Friends Provident, life insurance company, founded by Quakers Samuel Tuke and Joseph Rowntree; Furness Withy, British Marine Transport company, founded as Withy and Co., iron and steel shipbuilders, of West Hartlepool by Quaker brothers Henry Withy (1852–1922) and Edward Withy (1844–1927); grew to own in excess of a thousand ships
During the 1920s and 1930s, many scientists took out patents of their developments and assigned them to the Research Corporation in order to guarantee that any profits made from their work would be used for further scientific research (one notable example is Ernest O. Lawrence, who assigned his cyclotron patent to the company).
[43] Many individuals and companies have a claim to being the first railroad in the United States, but by the mid-1830s several companies were using steam-powered locomotives to move train cars on rail tracks. Between 1840 and 1860, the total length of railroad trackage increased from 3,326 to 30,600 miles (5,350 to 49,250 km). [44]
Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific research, in the areas of natural science, technology, and social science.Different methods can be used to disburse funding, but the term often connotes funding obtained through a competitive process, in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding.
The importance of stone tools, circa 2.5 million years ago, is considered fundamental in the human development in the hunting hypothesis. [citation needed]Primatologist, Richard Wrangham, theorizes that the control of fire by early humans and the associated development of cooking was the spark that radically changed human evolution. [2]
The term gained prominence when it was used by Antonio Gramsci in 1934 in his essay "Americanism and Fordism" in his Prison Notebooks. [13] Since then, it has been used by a number of writers on economics and society, mainly but not exclusively in the Marxist tradition.
Dot-Dash to Dot.Com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet (Springer Praxis, 2010) excerpt; Winston, Brian. Media,Technology and Society A History From the Telegraph to the Internet (Routledge, 1998), pp 19–30, 243–248. Wolff, Joshua D., Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845 ...
The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, founded in 1844, was an early consumers' co-operative, and one of the first to pay a patronage dividend, forming the basis for the modern co-operative movement. [1] Although other co-operatives preceded it, [2] the Rochdale Pioneers co-operative became the prototype for societies in Great Britain.