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Depression is a symptom of some physical diseases; a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments; and a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia. [1] Physical causes are ruled out with a clinical assessment of depression that measures vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, and hormones.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 2022, a revised version was published. [1]
The diagnosis of MD-NOS does not exist in the DSM-5, however the diagnoses of unspecified depressive disorder and unspecified bipolar disorder are in the DSM-5. [69] Most cases of MD-NOS represent hybrids between mood and anxiety disorders, such as mixed anxiety-depressive disorder or atypical depression. [68]
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder characterized by daily or nearly daily symptoms of down or depressed mood for all or almost all the day. The DSM-5 requires an individual meets 5 of 9 criteria for at least the past 2 weeks that cause significant impairment in daily life and are not caused by other medical conditions or ...
The classification of NOS depressive disorders is up for debate. Minor depressive disorder as a term was never an officially accepted term, but was listed in Appendix B of the DSM-IV-TR. This is the only version of the DSM that contains the term, as the prior versions and the most recent edition, DSM-5, do not mention it. [2] [3]
However, according to the DSM-5, it is the simultaneous presence of psychosis and a mood episode (with psychosis also being sometimes present without a mood episode) along with other details that defines schizoaffective disorder; additionally, some mood disorders (e.g. dysthymia, cyclothymia) do not require the presence of mood episodes ...
Hypomania is a feature of bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia, but can also occur in schizoaffective disorder. [11] Hypomania is also a feature of bipolar I disorder; it arises in sequential procession as the mood disorder fluctuates between normal mood (i.e., euthymia) and mania. Some individuals with bipolar I disorder have hypomanic as well ...
The DSM-5 and ICD-11 recognise bipolar disorder as a spectrum with three specific subtypes: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder. The lifetime prevalence of BD is approximately 1% in the general population, [ 4 ] but rises to 4% when given the broader definition of bipolar spectrum disorder.