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Tunisia experienced no fight against the Turkish empire, whereas during World War I many mashriq Arabs fought against Turkish armies for their independence. [110] [111] Yet in 1881 Tunisia fell under European rule, as did Egypt in 1882, [112] Morocco and Libya in 1912, [113] and Syria and Iraq in 1919. [114]
The French, distracted by the rebellion in southern Algeria, had left the south of Tunisia undefended. The Senussi found little support from the local population and the Senussi leaders were angry at Khalifa ben Asker for drawing the French into battle. Their war was against the Italians and the British and did wished to avoid angerin the French.
Italy, also interested in Tunisia, protested, but did not risk a war with France. On May 12 of that year, Tunisia was officially made a French protectorate with the signature of the treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id)by Muhammad III as-Sadiq. [362] This gave France control of Tunisian governance and making it a de facto French protectorate.
Tunisian independence was a process that occurred from 1952 to 1956 between France and an independence movement, led by Habib Bourguiba. He became the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia after negotiations with France successfully brought an end to the colonial protectorate and led to independence.
On the 20th of March 1956, the treaty of May 1881 stipulating that Tunisia was under French category was deemed obsolete, and Tunisia was recognised as fully independent. [5] In July 1957, Bourguiba proclaimed the end of the monarchy, and the establishment of the Republic of Tunisia. [5]
Various states have never declared independence throughout their formations and hence are not included in the main list on this page, including states that were formed by the unification of multiple independent states, such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Tanzania, including states that did declare independence, but whose most recent ...
The founding of a great German empire was not contemplated, but military weakness in Europe led to an attempt to turn colonial inferiority into an advantage. On 20 August 1914, Moltke wrote to the Foreign Office, demanding Islamic revolutions in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. The means to bring about change in the non-European world were limited ...
Its first modern leader, President Habib Bourguiba brought to the office hard-won political experience, after many decades of service in the leadership of the independence movement. As the major figure of the Neo-Destour Party, he was instrumental in obtaining full independence for Tunisia in 1956. He dominated the government until his removal ...