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Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in computer networking, is a network multiple access method in which carrier sensing is used, but nodes attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be "idle". [1] [2] When they do transmit, nodes transmit their packet data in its entirety.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a medium access control (MAC) method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking.
Many protocols are acknowledgement-based, meaning that they positively acknowledge receipt of messages. The internet's Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an example of an acknowledgement-based protocol. When computers communicate via TCP, received packets are acknowledged by sending a return packet with an ACK bit set. [3]
Resolving Acknowledgment Ambiguity in non-SACK TCP (PDF). Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking (NEW2AN'04). Gurtov, Andrei; Ludwig, Reiner (2003). Responding to Spurious Timeouts in TCP (PDF). IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
NORM operates on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and ensures reliable communication based upon a negative acknowledgement (NACK), selective Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) mechanism, as opposed to the positive acknowledgement (ACK) approach that the standard Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses. In other words, receivers using NORM ...
The bodies of a California mother of three and her 19-year-old son were found dead by her daughter days before the family was set to celebrate Christmas.
Retransmission, essentially identical with automatic repeat request (ARQ), is the resending of packets which have been either damaged or lost. Retransmission is one of the basic mechanisms used by protocols operating over a packet switched computer network to provide reliable communication (such as that provided by a reliable byte stream, for example TCP).
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released a draft recommendation advising against using vitamin D to prevent falls and fractures in people over 60. Pharmacist Katy Dubinsky weighs in.