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Phlebotomus papatasi is a species of insects commonly known as sandflies. Due to their ectothermic climate limitations, P. papatasi are confined to regions with temperatures above 15 degrees Celsius for at least three months of the year, [1] spanning over much of the European Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. [2]
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by Phlebotomus, in North Africa; Leishmania infantum = green, Leishmania major = blue, Leishmania tropica = red [2]. In the Old World, Phlebotomus sand flies are primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, [2] an important parasitic disease, while transmission in the New World, is generally via sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia. [3]
Lutzomyia is a genus of phlebotomine sand flies consisting of nearly 400 species, [1] at least 33 of which have medical importance as vectors of human disease. [2] Species of the genus Lutzomyia are found only in the New World, distributed in southern areas of the Nearctic and throughout the Neotropical realm. [2]
Leishmaniasis is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by protozoal parasites of the Trypanosomatida genus Leishmania. [7] It is generally spread through the bite of phlebotomine sandflies, Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia, and occurs most frequently in the tropics and sub-tropics of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and southern Europe.
A sandfly is a name for members of any species or genus of flying, blood-sucking dipteran in sandy areas. For example, "sandfly" in the United States refers to horse flies or members of the family Ceratopogonidae. In other parts of the world, "sandfly" refers to members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within Psychodidae.
The sandfly saliva contains potent physiological compounds that cause anticoagulant, vasodilating, and anti-inflammatory activity, which influences the immune response of the host vertebrate. [13] Dogs that have been treated with the LJM17 salivary protein from L. longipalpis presented a more powerful cellular immune response in response to ...
The digestive activities of the fly larvae soften the cheese and modify the aroma as part of the process of maturation. At one time European Union authorities banned sale of the cheese and it was becoming hard to find, [116] but the ban has been lifted on the grounds that the cheese is a traditional local product made by traditional methods. [117]
Extra-pair copulation in men has been explained as being partly due to parental investment. [7] Research has suggested [7] that copulation poses more of a risk to future investment for women, as they have the potential of becoming pregnant, and consequently require a large parental investment of the gestation period, and then further rearing of the offspring.