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The Abney level is an easy to use, relatively inexpensive, and, when used correctly, an accurate surveying tool. Abney levels typically include scales graduated in measure degrees of arc, percent grade, and in topographic Abney levels, grade in feet per surveyor's chain, and chainage correction.
l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A ...
Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.
An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument used for measuring angles of slope, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity's direction. It is also known as a tilt indicator, tilt sensor, tilt meter, slope alert, slope gauge, gradient meter, gradiometer, level gauge, level meter, declinometer, and pitch & roll indicator.
It has also been called Sen's slope estimator, [1] [2] slope selection, [3] [4] the single median method, [5] the Kendall robust line-fit method, [6] and the Kendall–Theil robust line. [7] It is named after Henri Theil and Pranab K. Sen , who published papers on this method in 1950 and 1968 respectively, [ 8 ] and after Maurice Kendall ...
Ecologists have proposed a wide range of factors determining the slope and elevation of the species–area relationship. [2] These factors include the relative balance between immigration and extinction, [ 3 ] rate and magnitude of disturbance on small vs. large areas, [ 3 ] predator-prey dynamics, [ 4 ] and clustering of individuals of the ...
This shows that r xy is the slope of the regression line of the standardized data points (and that this line passes through the origin). Since − 1 ≤ r x y ≤ 1 {\displaystyle -1\leq r_{xy}\leq 1} then we get that if x is some measurement and y is a followup measurement from the same item, then we expect that y (on average) will be closer ...