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: duplicate an open file descriptor – System Interfaces Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group; Redirection Definition by The Linux Information Project (LINFO) I/O Redirection in The Linux Documentation Project; Redirection in Windows; Creating a Child Process with Redirected Input and Output in Windows
PowerShell 7.2 is the next long-term support version of PowerShell, after version 7.0. It uses .NET 6.0 and features universal installer packages for Linux. On Windows, updates to PowerShell 7.2 and later come via the Microsoft Update service; this feature has been missing from PowerShell 6.0 through 7.1. [109]
This provides the interfaces of piping, filters and redirection. Under Unix, devices are files too, so the normal type of file for the shell used for stdin, stdout and stderr is a tty device file. Another command-line interface allows a shell program to launch helper programs, either to launch documents or start a program.
Unix/Linux systems may offer other tools support using progress indicators from scripts or as standalone-commands, such as the program "pv". [52] These are not integrated features of the shells, however. PowerShell has a built-in command and API functions (to be used when authoring commands) for writing/updating a progress bar.
/A Append the pipeline content to the output file(s) rather than overwriting them. Note: When tee is used with a pipe, the output of the previous command is written to a temporary file. When that command finishes, tee reads the temporary file, displays the output, and writes it to the file(s) given as command-line argument.
This is because the redirection form opens the file as the stdin file descriptor which command can fully access, while the cat form simply provides the data as a stream of bytes. Another common case where cat is unnecessary is where a command defaults to operating on stdin, but will read from a file, if the filename is given as an argument.
Process substitution can also be used to capture output that would normally go to a file, and redirect it to the input of a process. The Bash syntax for writing to a process is >(command). Here is an example using the tee, wc and gzip commands that counts the lines in a file with wc -l and compresses it with gzip in one pass:
any kind of file for which an interpreter was registered via the binfmt_misc mechanism (such as for executing Microsoft .exe binaries using wine) another script starting with a shebang; On Linux and Minix, an interpreter can also be a script. A chain of shebangs and wrappers yields a directly executable file that gets the encountered scripts as ...