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Aluminising vacuum chamber at Mont Mégantic Observatory used for re-coating telescope mirrors. [1] Vacuum deposition is a group of processes used to deposit layers of material atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule on a solid surface. These processes operate at pressures well below atmospheric pressure (i.e., vacuum). The deposited layers can ...
Evaporation is a common method of thin-film deposition. The source material is evaporated in a vacuum. The vacuum allows vapor particles to travel directly to the target object (substrate), where they condense back to a solid state. Evaporation is used in microfabrication, and to make macro-scale products such as metallized plastic film.
Physical vapor deposition (PVD), sometimes called physical vapor transport (PVT), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. PVD is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from a condensed phase to a ...
The VLS process takes place as follows: A thin (~1–10 nm) Au film is deposited onto a silicon (Si) wafer substrate by sputter deposition or thermal evaporation. The wafer is annealed at temperatures higher than the Au-Si eutectic point, creating Au-Si alloy droplets on the wafer surface (the thicker the Au film, the larger the droplets).
Prehistoric humans in Brazil carved drawings in the rock next to dinosaur footprints, suggesting that they may have found them meaningful or interesting, a new study has found.
The most common methods in current use are electroplating, chemical "wet process" deposition, and vacuum deposition. Electroplating of a substrate of glass or other non-conductive material requires the deposition of a thin layer of conductive but transparent material, such as carbon. This layer tends to reduce the adhesion between the metal and ...
Fine dust thrown up into Earth’s atmosphere after an asteroid strike 66 million years ago blocked the sun to an extent that plants were unable to photosynthesize, a new study has found.
Despite the erection of multiple new names, only two frog species are currently recognised from the Morrison: Enneabatrachus hechti [16] and Rhadinosteus parvus. [ 17 ] In addition to formally named taxa, indeterminate anuran remains have been recovered from Morrison strata in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, with the best specimens found in ...