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This process is responsible for ciliary/flagellar beating, as in the well-known example of the human sperm. The radial spoke is another protein complex of the axoneme. Thought to be important in regulating the motion of the axoneme, this "T"-shape complex projects from each set of outer doublets toward the central microtubules.
Sperm motility is dependent on several metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms. The axonemal bend movement is based on the active sliding of axonemal doublet microtubules by the molecular motor dynein, which is divided into an outer and an inner arm. Outer and inner arm plays different roles in the production and regulation of flagellar motility: the outer arm increase the bea
The sperm tail is a specialized type of cilium (aka flagella). In many animals the sperm tail is formed through the unique process of cytosolic ciliogenesis, in which all or part of the sperm tail's axoneme is formed in the cytoplasm or gets exposed to the cytoplasm. [40]
Cytosolic ciliogenesis is divided into three types: Primary cytosolic cilia are formed by exposing the axoneme of compartmentalized cilium (formed initially by compartmentalized ciliogenesis) to the cytoplasm. This type of cilia is found in the sperm of human and other mammals. Secondary cytosolic cilia are formed in parallels to the formation ...
Sperm chemotaxis is a form ... Ca 2+ ions interact by unknown mechanisms with the axoneme of the flagellum and cause an increase of the asymmetry of flagellar beat ...
Decreased motile cilia-specific expression of DNAH11 within the axoneme of sperm is associated with lower levels of sperm motility. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] For this reason, males with PCD are not sterile, but they are often infertile under conventional methods due to lack of sperm motility ; [ 6 ] [ 18 ] however, there are cases of DNAH11 mutant males ...
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This can be done to serve as a positive control when assessing the acrosome reaction of a sperm sample by flow cytometry [5] or fluorescence microscopy. This is usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC-PNA, FITC-PSA, FITC-ConA, or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC-CD46.