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The strain can be decomposed into a recoverable elastic strain (ε e) and an inelastic strain (ε p). The stress at initial yield is σ 0 . Work hardening , also known as strain hardening , is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation.
An idealized uniaxial stress-strain curve showing elastic and plastic deformation regimes for the deformation theory of plasticity There are several mathematical descriptions of plasticity. [ 12 ] One is deformation theory (see e.g. Hooke's law ) where the Cauchy stress tensor (of order d-1 in d dimensions) is a function of the strain tensor.
The Lankford coefficient (also called Lankford value, R-value, or plastic strain ratio) [1] is a measure of the plastic anisotropy of a rolled sheet metal. This scalar quantity is used extensively as an indicator of the formability of recrystallized low-carbon steel sheets.
Under tensile stress, plastic deformation is characterized by a strain hardening region and a necking region and finally, fracture (also called rupture). During strain hardening the material becomes stronger through the movement of atomic dislocations. The necking phase is indicated by a reduction in cross-sectional area of the specimen.
For elastomers, such as rubber, the elastic limit is much larger than the proportionality limit. Also, precise strain measurements have shown that plastic strain begins at very low stresses. [11] [12] Yield point The point in the stress-strain curve at which the curve levels off and plastic deformation begins to occur. [13]
The stress-strain behavior exhibits four characteristic regions. The first region is the linear-elastic regime, where the stress-strain behavior is elastic with no plastic deformation. The characteristic deformation mechanism in the second region is yielding, where plastic deformation can occur in the form phenomena such as twinning.
New details about a study that warned against black plastic spatulas and other kitchen tools have come out. (Getty Creative) (Анатолий Тушенцов via Getty Images)
Stress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics , stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other ...