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  2. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together. In a certain sense, the standard deviation is a "natural" measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean. This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point.

  3. Volatility (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)

    The average magnitude of the observations is merely an approximation of the standard deviation of the market index. Assuming that the market index daily changes are normally distributed with mean zero and standard deviation σ, the expected value of the magnitude of the observations is √(2/ π)σ = 0.798σ. The net effect is that this crude ...

  4. Tracking error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_error

    Under the assumption of normality of returns, an active risk of x per cent would mean that approximately 2/3 of the portfolio's active returns (one standard deviation from the mean) can be expected to fall between +x and -x per cent of the mean excess return and about 95% of the portfolio's active returns (two standard deviations from the mean) can be expected to fall between +2x and -2x per ...

  5. Modern portfolio theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

    The MPT is a mean-variance theory, and it compares the expected (mean) return of a portfolio with the standard deviation of the same portfolio. The image shows expected return on the vertical axis, and the standard deviation on the horizontal axis (volatility). Volatility is described by standard deviation and it serves as a measure of risk. [7]

  6. Average true range - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_true_range

    However the standard procedures used to compute volatility of stock prices, such as the standard deviation of logarithmic price ratios, are not invariant (to addition of a constant). Thus futures traders and analysts typically use one method (ATR) to calculate volatility, while stock traders and analysts typically use standard deviation of log ...

  7. Bollinger Bands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollinger_Bands

    Bollinger Bands consist of an N-period moving average (MA), an upper band at K times an N-period standard deviation above the moving average (MA + Kσ), and a lower band at K times an N-period standard deviation below the moving average (MA − Kσ). The chart thus expresses arbitrary choices or assumptions of the user, and is not strictly ...

  8. Wall Street's 2025 outlook for stocks - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/wall-streets-2025-outlook...

    Total payroll employment is at a record 159.3 million jobs, up 7 million from the prepandemic high. The unemployment rate — that is, the number of workers who identify as unemployed as a ...

  9. Markowitz model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowitz_model

    σ M = standard deviation of the market portfolio σ P = standard deviation of portfolio (R M – I RF)/σ M is the slope of CML. (R M – I RF) is a measure of the risk premium, or the reward for holding risky portfolio instead of risk-free portfolio. σ M is the risk of the market portfolio. Therefore, the slope measures the reward per unit ...