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The Cherokee Freedmen controversy was a political and tribal dispute between the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen regarding the issue of tribal membership. The controversy had resulted in several legal proceedings between the two parties from the late 20th century to August 2017.
The Cherokee Freedmen were former African American slaves who had been owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the Antebellum Period. In 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which granted citizenship to all freedmen in the Confederate States, including those held by the Cherokee.
The Cherokee Nation supreme court, however, ruled that such language should be removed, affirming the full citizenship rights of Freedmen descendants based on the Treaty of 1866. [1] This decision upheld the outcome of the 2017 federal case which ensured Freedmen descendants' right to run for office and other privileges of tribal citizenship.
Freedmen were the freed Black people enslaved by the Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek) and Chickasaw nations. “History does not bode well in terms of efforts by the United States to ...
Cherokee freedmen controversy [19] Chickahominy people family members who were phenotypically Black presenting or married Black partners were dropped from genealogies and membership rolls [ 20 ]
Freedmen (persons formerly enslaved by Native Americans or adopted by the Cherokee tribe) New Born Freedmen; Minor Freedmen; Delaware Indians (those adopted by the Cherokee tribe were enrolled as a separate group within the Cherokee) More than 250,000 people applied for membership, and the Dawes Commission enrolled just over 100,000.
The term Freedmen refers to descendants of people of African American descent who were enslaved by the Five Civilized Tribes. [1] [2] (They often overlap with those who are descended from those enslaved African descendants who voluntarily joined the Seminole nation, including those who fled from the Seminole Nation, when it adopted the practice of slavery, to Mexico, today known as Mascogos.
Moses Whitmire (ca. 1848–1884), Trustee for the Cherokee Freedmen of the Cherokee Nation and who brought suit on September 26, 1891, on behalf of the Cherokee nation against the United States Government to protect the rights and citizenship of the Cherokee under the Treaty between the United States Government and the Cherokee Nation, of July ...