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Hyperprolactinaemia (also spelled hyperprolactinemia) is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. In women, normal prolactin levels average to about 13 ng/mL, while in men, they average 5 ng/mL. The upper normal limit of serum prolactin is typically between 15 and 25 ng/mL for both genders. [1]
5617 19109 Ensembl ENSG00000172179 ENSMUSG00000021342 UniProt P01236 P06879 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000948 NM_001163558 NM_001163530 NM_011164 RefSeq (protein) NP_000939 NP_001157030 NP_001157002 NP_035294 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 22.29 – 22.3 Mb Chr 13: 27.24 – 27.25 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein ...
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
The persistent hypogonadism associated with hyperprolactinemia can lead to osteoporosis. Treatment significantly improves the patient's quality of life. If the goal is to treat hypogonadism only, patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or microadenoma can be treated with estrogen replacement therapy and prolactin levels can be monitored.
Across Europe, neonatal lactation was called "witch's milk", "Hexenmilch" and "lait de sorciere", and it was accused of being a potential source for witchcraft. [ 13 ] Some communities believed that women who has sold their souls to Satan in return for mystical powers would persecute babies by sucking their mammary glands and leaving "witches ...
Nutrition and health of both the mother and infant are connected to the use of LAM in the international community. By promoting LAM, exclusive breastfeeding for the infant becomes more prominent in order to make LAM as effective as possible. In Egypt, this has been shown to combat poor nutritional practices of mothers.
A prolactin cell (also known as a lactotropic cell, epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin (a peptide hormone) in response to hormonal signals including dopamine (which is inhibitory), thyrotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen (especially during pregnancy), which are stimulatory.
A galactagogue, or galactogogue (from Greek: γάλα [γαλακτ-], milk, + ἀγωγός, leading), also known as a lactation inducer or milk booster, is a substance that promotes lactation in humans and other animals. [1] [2] It may be synthetic, plant-derived, or endogenous. They may be used to induce lactation and to treat low milk supply.