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Cefoperazone/sulbactam is a combination drug used as an antibiotic. It is effective for the treatment of urinary tract infections . [ 2 ] It contains cefoperazone , a β-lactam antibiotic , and sulbactam , a β-lactamase inhibitor , which helps prevent bacteria from breaking down cefoperazone.
Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis, seizures, and Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea. [4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe. [5] Meropenem works by blocking the construction of the bacterial cell wall while vaborbactam blocks the breakdown of meropenem by some beta-lactamases. [4]
Cefoperazone contains an N-methylthiotetrazole (NMTT or 1-MTT) side chain.As the antibiotic is broken down in the body, it releases free NMTT, which can cause hypoprothrombinemia (likely due to inhibition of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase) and a reaction with ethanol similar to that produced by disulfiram (Antabuse effect), due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Sulbactam is a β-lactamase inhibitor. This drug is given in combination with β-lactam antibiotics to inhibit β-lactamase , an enzyme produced by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics . [ 1 ]
Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, constipation, headache, rash, and pain at the site of injection. [3] Serious side effects include Clostridioides difficile infection, seizures, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. [3] Those who are allergic to other β-lactam antibiotics are more likely to be allergic to meropenem as well. [3]
[15] [16] These include latamoxef , cefmenoxime, cefoperazone, cefamandole, cefmetazole, and cefotetan. This is thought to be due to the methylthiotetrazole side-chain of these cephalosporins, which blocks the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (likely causing hypothrombinemia) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (causing alcohol intolerance). [17]
Most dogs, however, will need radiation, chemotherapy, and other medications. Even with those therapies, the survival time is short, so ivermectin could help if it proves to be useful.
The addition of a bulky side chain (a pyrazole ring) at the 3-position prevents hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring via steric hindrance. [ 12 ] Tazobactam is a penicillinate sulfone β-lactamase inhibitor, which prevents hydrolysis of the amide bond of the β-lactam molecules by β-lactamase enzymes.