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  2. Bulla (seal) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(seal)

    A bulla (or clay envelope) and its contents on display at the Louvre. Uruk period (4000–3100 BC).. A bulla (Medieval Latin for "a round seal", from Classical Latin bulla, "bubble, blob"; plural bullae) is an inscribed clay, soft metal (lead or tin), bitumen, or wax token used in commercial and legal documentation as a form of authentication and for tamper-proofing whatever is attached to it ...

  3. Shropshire bulla - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_bulla

    The Shropshire bulla is an example of "reversible fashion"; the front and back are alike in design, either side can be selected to be the presenting face. Bullae were probably highly prized adornments, worn as clothing accessories to display the wearer's high status and wealth.

  4. Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_seals...

    Manufacture and materials. Moorey, R. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries, esp. pp. 74–77 (on materials for seals) and pp. 103–106 (on seal cutting) Collon, D. 2005. First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. (2nd revised edition), pp. 100–104. Frahm, Ellery, Agnete W. Lassen, and Klaus Wagensonner.

  5. Bulla (amulet) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(amulet)

    Before the age of manhood, Roman boys wore a bulla, a neckchain and round pouch containing protective amulets (usually phallic symbols), and the bulla of an upper-class boy would be made of gold. [1] Other materials included leather and cloth. A freeborn Roman boy wore a bulla until he came of age as a Roman citizen. Before he put on his toga ...

  6. Shema seal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shema_Seal

    The seal was discovered in 1904, in an excavation dump. The layers in which it was found were dated to the eighth century BCE. [5] [6] Schumacher sent the original seal to Istanbul, but it was never returned. [7] In 1966 Gottlieb's daughter gave a testimonial that her father told her that the seal was placed in Abdul Hamid II tomb. [8]

  7. King Ahaz's seal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ahaz's_Seal

    The place of discovery of this seal is unknown, and it is currently part of Shlomo Moussaieff's private collection. The seal contains an ancient Hebrew inscription mentioning the name of Ahaz of Judah, as well as the name of his father, Jotham (Jotham), identifying Ahaz as the "king of Judah". The bulla contains a fingerprint which may belong ...

  8. Ironworks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks

    The Iron Rolling Mill (Eisenwalzwerk), 1870s, by Adolph Menzel. Casting at an iron foundry: From Fra Burmeister og Wain's Iron Foundry, 1885 by Peder Severin Krøyer. An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made.

  9. Ironwork - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironwork

    Ironwork is any weapon, artwork, utensil, or architectural feature made of iron, especially one used for decoration. There are two main types of ironwork: wrought iron and cast iron. While the use of iron dates as far back as 4000 BC, it was the Hittites who first knew how to extract it (see iron ore) and develop weapons.