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The function that accepts a callback may be designed to store the callback so that it can be called back after returning which is known as asynchronous, non-blocking or deferred. Programming languages support callbacks in different ways such as function pointers , lambda expressions and blocks .
Java enables classes to be defined inside methods. These are called local classes. When such classes are not named, they are known as anonymous classes (or anonymous inner classes). A local class (either named or anonymous) may refer to names in lexically enclosing classes, or read-only variables (marked as final) in the lexically enclosing method.
In Python, functions are first-class objects, just like strings, numbers, lists etc. This feature eliminates the need to write a function object in many cases. Any object with a __call__() method can be called using function-call syntax. An example is this accumulator class (based on Paul Graham's study on programming language syntax and ...
Without tail-call optimization, techniques such as trampolining, i.e. using a loop that iteratively invokes thunk-returning functions, can be used; without first-class functions, it is even possible to convert tail calls into just gotos in such a loop. Writing code in CPS, while not impossible, is often error-prone.
The term comes from the specification for Common Lisp, which explicitly refers to the programming language feature enabling for inter-language calls as such; [citation needed] the term is also often used officially by the interpreter and compiler documentation for Haskell, [1] Rust, [2] PHP, [3] Python, and LuaJIT [4] [5]: 35 . [6]
It should be possible to define a new operation for (some) classes of an object structure without changing the classes. When new operations are needed frequently and the object structure consists of many unrelated classes, it's inflexible to add new subclasses each time a new operation is required because "[..] distributing all these operations across the various node classes leads to a system ...
Use of futures may be implicit (any use of the future automatically obtains its value, as if it were an ordinary reference) or explicit (the user must call a function to obtain the value, such as the get method of java.util.concurrent.Futurein Java). Obtaining the value of an explicit future can be called stinging or forcing. Explicit futures ...
An example of active object pattern in Java. [4] Firstly we can see a standard class that provides two methods that set a double to be a certain value. This class does NOT conform to the active object pattern.