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The word problem for an algebra is then to determine, given two expressions (words) involving the generators and operations, whether they represent the same element of the algebra modulo the identities. The word problems for groups and semigroups can be phrased as word problems for algebras. [1]
Python 3.12 removed wstr meaning Python extensions [186] need to be modified, [187] and 3.10 added pattern matching to the language. [188] Python 3.12 dropped some outdated modules, and more will be dropped in the future, deprecated as of 3.13; already deprecated array 'u' format code will emit DeprecationWarning since 3.13 and will be removed ...
As with ideal observer decoding, a convention must be agreed to for non-unique decoding. The maximum likelihood decoding problem can also be modeled as an integer programming problem. [1] The maximum likelihood decoding algorithm is an instance of the "marginalize a product function" problem which is solved by applying the generalized ...
Computing the position of a particular unique tuple or matrix in a de Bruijn sequence or torus is known as the de Bruijn decoding problem. Efficient O ( n log n ) {\displaystyle \color {Blue}O(n\log n)} decoding algorithms exist for special, recursively constructed sequences [ 17 ] and extend to the two-dimensional case.
Decoding of binary Goppa codes is traditionally done by Patterson algorithm, which gives good error-correcting capability (it corrects all design errors), and is also fairly simple to implement. Patterson algorithm converts a syndrome to a vector of errors.
Shannon's diagram of a general communications system, showing the process by which a message sent becomes the message received (possibly corrupted by noise). seq2seq is an approach to machine translation (or more generally, sequence transduction) with roots in information theory, where communication is understood as an encode-transmit-decode process, and machine translation can be studied as a ...
In software engineering, rubber duck debugging (or rubberducking) is a method of debugging code by articulating a problem in spoken or written natural language. The name is a reference to a story in the book The Pragmatic Programmer in which a programmer would carry around a rubber duck and debug their code by forcing themselves to explain it ...
In a binary alphabet made of ,, if a (,) repetition code is used, then each input bit is mapped to the code word as a string of -replicated input bits. Generally n = 2 t + 1 {\displaystyle n=2t+1} , an odd number.