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A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.
[11] [59] In 2018 panX was released, an interactive web tool that allows inspection of gene families evolutionary history. [65] panX can display an alignment of genomes, a phylogenetic tree, mapping of mutations and inference about gain and loss of the family on the core-genome phylogeny.
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects.Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory – as a branch of mathematics – is mostly concerned with those that are relevant to mathematics as a whole.
Venn diagram of information theoretic measures for three variables x, y, and z. Each circle represents an individual entropy : H ( x ) {\displaystyle H(x)} is the lower left circle, H ( y ) {\displaystyle H(y)} the lower right, and H ( z ) {\displaystyle H(z)} is the upper circle.
In commemoration of the 180th anniversary of Venn's birth, on 4 August 2014, Google replaced its normal logo on global search pages with an interactive and animated Google Doodle that incorporated the use of a Venn diagram. [24] [25] Venn Street in Clapham, London, which was the home of his grandfather, shows a Venn diagram on the street sign. [26]
Markov processes form an important class of stochastic processes and have applications in many areas. [ 39 ] [ 202 ] For example, they are the basis for a general stochastic simulation method known as Markov chain Monte Carlo , which is used for simulating random objects with specific probability distributions, and has found application in ...
Bioinformatics tools aid in comparing, analyzing and interpreting genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the biological pathways and networks that are an important part of systems biology.
These diagrams depict elements as points in the plane, and sets as regions inside closed curves. A Venn diagram consists of multiple overlapping closed curves, usually circles, each representing a set. The points inside a curve labelled S represent elements of the set S, while points outside the boundary represent elements not in the set S.