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A 3 He/ 4 He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The cooling power is provided by the heat of mixing of the helium-3 and helium-4 isotopes.
The earliest tubes, like the Deforest Spherical Audion [3] from c. 1911, used the typical light bulb Edison socket for the heater, and flying leads for the other elements. Other tubes directly used flying leads for all of their contacts, like the Cunningham AudioTron from 1915, [ 4 ] or the Deforest Oscillion . [ 5 ]
A lightbulb socket, lightbulb holder, light socket, lamp socket or lamp holder is a device which mechanically supports and provides electrical connections for a compatible electric lamp base. [1] Sockets allow lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced (re-lamping).
The suffix after the G indicates the pin spread; the G dates to the use of Glass for the original bulbs. GU usually also indicates that the lamp provides a mechanism for physical support by the luminaire: in some cases, each pin has a short section of larger diameter at the end (sometimes described as a "peg" rather than a "pin" [2]); the socket allows the bulb to lock into place by twisting ...
Tung-Sols' license was a B license allowing only paying a quota and percentage of production for large or small bulb manufacturing to General Electric without exports of goods. Tung-Sol Lamp Works made miniature lamps under this system with another miniature maker called Chicago Miniature Lamp Company.
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Osram's Fluorescent Miniature (FM) tubes; Sylvania Luxline Slim T2 Linear; T4 1 ⁄ 2: 12.7 G5 bi-pin: Slim lamps. Power ratings and lengths not standardized (and not the same) between different manufacturers T5 T16 5 ⁄ 8: 15.9 G5 bi-pin; 2GX13 quad-pin; G10q quad-pin; Original 4–13 W miniature fluorescent range from 1950s or earlier. [1]
An ultra low temperature (ULT) freezer is a refrigerator that stores contents at −80 to −86 °C (−112 to −123 °F). [1] An ultra low temperature freezer is commonly referred to as a "minus 80 freezer" or a "negative 80 freezer", referring to the most common temperature standard. [2] ULT freezers come in upright and chest freezer formats.