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Monkeys experience octave equivalence, and its biological basis apparently is an octave mapping of neurons in the auditory thalamus of the mammalian brain. [12] Studies have also shown the perception of octave equivalence in rats, [13] human infants, [14] and musicians [15] but not starlings, [16] 4–9-year-old children, [17] or non-musicians.
The terms sounding range, written range, designated range, duration range and dynamic range have specific meanings. The sounding range [ 3 ] refers to the pitches produced by an instrument, while the written range [ 3 ] refers to the compass (span) of notes written in the sheet music, where the part is sometimes transposed for convenience.
Although Boethius is the first author known to use this nomenclature in the literature, Ptolemy wrote of the two-octave range five centuries before, calling it the perfect system or complete system – as opposed to other, smaller-range note systems that did not contain all possible species of octave (i.e., the seven octaves starting from A, B ...
On the other hand, the octave series is a geometric progression (2f, 4f, 8f, 16f, ...), and people perceive these distances as "the same" in the sense of musical interval. In terms of what one hears, each successively higher octave in the harmonic series is divided into increasingly "smaller" and more numerous intervals.
Hearing range describes the frequency range that can be heard by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the range of levels. The human range is commonly given as 15.000 to 20,000 Hz, although there is considerable variation between individuals, especially at high frequencies, and a gradual loss of sensitivity to higher frequencies ...
Since humans hear in such a proportional space, where a doubling of frequency (an octave) is perceived the same regardless of actual frequency (40–60 Hz is heard as the same interval and distance as 4000–6000 Hz), every octave contains the same amount of energy and thus pink noise is often used as a reference signal in audio engineering.
In general, frequency components of a sound determine its "color", its timbre. When speaking about the frequency (in singular) of a sound, it means the property that most determines its pitch. [6] Higher pitches have higher frequency, and lower pitches are lower frequency. The frequencies an ear can hear are limited to a specific range of ...
The opposition between consonance and dissonance can be made in different contexts: In acoustics or psychophysiology, the distinction may be objective.In modern times, it usually is based on the perception of harmonic partials of the sounds considered, to such an extent that the distinction really holds only in the case of harmonic sounds (i.e. sounds with harmonic partials).