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Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving.. Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles [1] and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius, [2] expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce ...
For studies in animal domestication, researchers have proposed five distinct categories: wild, captive wild, domestic, cross-breeds and feral. [15] [56] [57] Wild animals Subject to natural selection, although the action of past demographic events and artificial selection induced by game management or habitat destruction cannot be excluded. [57]
Animal coloration, readily observable, soon provided strong and independent lines of evidence, from camouflage, mimicry and aposematism, that natural selection was indeed at work. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The historian of science Peter J. Bowler wrote that Darwin's theory "was also extended to the broader topics of protective resemblances and mimicry ...
Over time as animals have evolved, natural selection has favoured some behaviours over others because they have ensured the survival and reproduction of the animal. [7] These potentially long-lasting, innate behaviours have a genetic origin that propagates through evolutionary time, becoming slightly altered due to environmental changes and ...
Ethologists have been concerned particularly with the evolution of behaviour and its understanding in terms of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin , whose 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals influenced many ethologists.
Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million in total. Animals range in size from 8.5 millionths of a metre to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long and have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs.
Stabilizing selection (not to be confused with negative or purifying selection [1] [2]) is a type of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value. This is thought to be the most common mechanism of action for natural selection because most traits do not appear to change drastically over time. [3]
Life history theory draws on an evolutionary foundation, and studies the effects of natural selection on organisms, both throughout their lifetime and across generations. [8] It also uses measures of evolutionary fitness to determine if organisms are able to maximize or optimize this fitness, [ 9 ] by allocating resources to a range of ...
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