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In computer networking, a port or port number is a number assigned to uniquely identify a connection endpoint and to direct data to a specific service. At the software level, within an operating system , a port is a logical construct that identifies a specific process or a type of network service .
The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 2 10 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. [3] They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the ...
In contrast to the frequency domain analysis of the classical control theory, modern control theory utilizes the time-domain state space representation, [citation needed] a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations. To abstract from the number of inputs ...
Instrumentation engineering is the science of the measurement and control of process variables within a production or manufacturing area. [1] Meanwhile, control engineering , also called control systems engineering, is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors.
A male D-subminiature DE-9 connector on an IBM PC compatible computer (with serial port symbol) used for an RS-232 serial port A female D-subminiature DE-9 connector on an RS-232 cable. A serial port is a serial communication interface through which information transfers in or out sequentially one bit at a time. [1]
The term process automation is essentially synonymous with process control. Process controls (basic as well as advanced) are implemented within the process control system, which may mean a distributed control system (DCS), programmable logic controller (PLC), and/or a supervisory control computer. DCSs and PLCs are typically industrially ...
Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is "fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop.
A modern control room where plant information and controls are displayed on computer graphics screens. The operators are seated as they can view and control any part of the process from their screens, whilst retaining a plant overview. Process control of large industrial plants has evolved through many stages.