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Endomicroscopy is a technique for obtaining histology-like images from inside the human body in real-time, [1] [2] [3] a process known as ‘optical biopsy’. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It generally refers to fluorescence confocal microscopy , although multi-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography have also been adapted for endoscopic use.
Systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by repeatable processes inherent to the system. [5] Sources of systematic errors include errors in equipment calibration, uncertainty in correction terms applied during experimental analysis, errors due the use of approximate theoretical models.
Some errors are introduced when the experimenter's desire for a certain result unconsciously influences selection of data (a problem which is possible to avoid in some cases with double-blind protocols). [4] There have also been cases of deliberate scientific misconduct. [5]
Confocal endoscopy, or confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), is a modern imaging technique that allows the examination of real-time microscopic and histological features inside the body. In the word "endomicroscopy", endo- means "within" and -skopein means "to view or observe".
Radar multipath echoes from a target cause ghosts to appear.. In radar signal processing, some echoes can be related to fixed objects (), multipath returns, jamming, atmospheric effect (brightband or attenuation), anomalous propagation, and many other effects.
Two-photon absorption (TPA) is a third-order process in which two photons are nearly simultaneously absorbed by the same molecule. If a second photon is absorbed by the same electron within the same quantum event, the electron enters an excited state.
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
Random experimental errors in the data contribute to even for a perfect model, and these have more leverage when the data are weak or few, such as for a low-resolution data set. Model inadequacies such as incorrect or missing parts and unmodeled disorder are the other main contributors to R {\displaystyle R} , making it useful to assess the ...