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  2. Methods of computing square roots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing...

    Note: 20p + x is simply twice p, with the digit x appended to the right. Note: x can be found by guessing what c/(20·p) is and doing a trial calculation of y, then adjusting x upward or downward as necessary. Place the digit as the next digit of the root, i.e., above the two digits of the square you just brought down. Thus the next p will be ...

  3. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    Since this is a scaled and shifted square of a standard normal variable, it is distributed as a scaled and shifted chi-squared variable. The distribution of the variable ⁠ X {\displaystyle X} ⁠ restricted to an interval [ a , b ] {\textstyle [a,b]} is called the truncated normal distribution .

  4. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    A little algebra shows that the distance between P and M (which is the same as the orthogonal distance between P and the line L) (¯) is equal to the standard deviation of the vector (x 1, x 2, x 3), multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector (3 in this case).

  5. Mathematical coincidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_coincidence

    A mathematical coincidence often involves an integer, and the surprising feature is the fact that a real number arising in some context is considered by some standard as a "close" approximation to a small integer or to a multiple or power of ten, or more generally, to a rational number with a small denominator.

  6. Non-linear least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_least_squares

    Consider a set of data points, (,), (,), …, (,), and a curve (model function) ^ = (,), that in addition to the variable also depends on parameters, = (,, …,), with . It is desired to find the vector of parameters such that the curve fits best the given data in the least squares sense, that is, the sum of squares = = is minimized, where the residuals (in-sample prediction errors) r i are ...

  7. Bayes' theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes'_theorem

    Thus 24/1000 (2.4%) of the total output will be defective and the likelihood that a randomly selected defective item was produced by machine C is 5/24 (~20.83%). This problem can also be solved using Bayes' theorem: Let X i denote the event that a randomly chosen item was made by the i th machine (for i = A,B,C).

  8. Mathematics of Sudoku - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_Sudoku

    x/3 ⌉ = ⌈ x′/3 ⌉ and ⌈ y/3 ⌉ = ⌈ y′/3 ⌉ (same 3×3 cell) The puzzle is then completed by assigning an integer between 1 and 9 to each vertex, in such a way that vertices that are joined by an edge do not have the same integer assigned to them.

  9. Significant figures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures

    σ x should usually be quoted to only one or two significant figures, as more precision is unlikely to be reliable or meaningful: 1.79 ± 0.06 (correct), 1.79 ± 0.96 (correct), 1.79 ± 1.96 (incorrect). The digit positions of the last significant figures in x best and σ x are the same, otherwise the consistency is lost. For example, "1.79 ± ...