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In addition, passivation not only improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite cells, but also contributes to the improvement of device stability. For example, adding a passivation layer of a few nanometers thickness can effectively achieve passivation with the effect of stopping water vapor intrusion. [36]
The formula was meant to be dissolved in water at the concentration of 9.0 g/L, giving a bath with pH = 1.5. It yielded a light gold color after 1 min, and a golden-brown film after 3 min. The average thickness ranged between 200 and 1000 nm. [6] Iridite 14-2 is a chromate conversion bath for aluminum.
Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. The process is called anodizing because the part to be treated forms the anode electrode of an electrolytic cell.
The performance of a phosphate coating depends on its crystal structure as well as its thickness. A dense microcrystalline structure with a low porosity is usually best for corrosion resistance or subsequent painting. A coarse grain structure impregnated with oil may be best for wear resistance.
Bluing, sometimes spelled as blueing, is a passivation process in which steel is partially protected against rust using a black oxide coating. It is named after the blue-black appearance of the resulting protective finish.
The interfacial layer has a typical thickness between 0.1 and 4 nm, which is dependent on the type of the molecules the layer is made of. [2] The organic molecules that make up the interfacial layer are often amphiphilic molecules, meaning that they have a polar head group combined with a non-polar tail.
anodizing – electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer, producing a porous surface which can accept organic or inorganic dyes easily. In the case of titanium, niobium, and stainless steel, the colour formed is dependent on the thickness of the oxide (which is determined by the anodizing voltage).
Aluminium oxynitride is used for infrared-optical windows, with greater than 80% transparency for 2 mm thickness at wavelengths below about 4 micrometers, dropping to near zero at about 6 micrometers. [8] It has also been demonstrated as an interface passivation layer in some semiconductor-related applications. [9]
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