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Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) results in a diminished capacity of the immune system to remove senescent cells, thereby leading to an increase in senescent cells. [65] Chronic inflammation due to SASP from senescent cells can also reduce the capacity of the immune system to remove senescent cells. [ 66 ]
The Fall of the Bell System A Study in Prices and Politics (1987) Watzinger, Martin, and Monika Schnitzer. "The breakup of the Bell System and its impact on US innovation." (2022). online; White, Lawrence J. "US telephone deregulation: lessons to be learned, mistakes to be avoided." Japan and the World Economy 12.2 (2000): 173-183. online}
The monopoly position of the Bell System in the U.S. was ended on January 8, 1982. AT&T Corporation proposed by in a consent decree to relinquish control of the Bell Operating Companies, which had provided local telephone service in the United States. [1]
Immunosenescence is the gradual deterioration of the immune system, brought on by natural age advancement. A 2020 review concluded that the adaptive immune system is affected more than the innate immune system. [1] Immunosenescence involves both the host's capacity to respond to infections and the development of long-term immune memory.
Senescence (/ s ɪ ˈ n ɛ s ə n s /) or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle.
Also, some diseases related to hematopoietic system, such as aplastic anemia and complete bone marrow failure, are not especially age-dependent. Aplastic Anemia is often an adverse effect of certain medications [ 17 ] but as such it cannot really be considered as evidence against the stem cell theory of aging.
The mitochondrial theory of ageing has two varieties: free radical and non-free radical. The first is one of the variants of the free radical theory of ageing. It was formulated by J. Miquel and colleagues in 1980 [1] and was developed in the works of Linnane and coworkers (1989). [2] The second was proposed by A. N. Lobachev in 1978. [3]
The somatic mutation theory of ageing states that accumulation of mutations in somatic cells is the primary cause of aging. A comparison of somatic mutation rate across several mammal species found that the total number of accumulated mutations at the end of lifespan was roughly equal across a broad range of lifespans. [ 16 ]