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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 15 January 2025. Letter names for unambiguous communication Not to be confused with International Phonetic Alphabet. Alphabetic code words A lfa N ovember B ravo O scar C harlie P apa D elta Q uebec E cho R omeo F oxtrot S ierra G olf T ango H otel U niform I ndia V ictor J uliett W hiskey K ilo X ray L ...
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
Several non-English letters have traditional names: ç c cedilla, ð eth (also spelled edh), ŋ engma or eng, ə schwa (also spelled shwa), ǃ exclamation mark, ǀ pipe. Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ɾ fish-hook r , ɤ ram's horns , ʘ bull's eye , ʃ esh (apparently never 'stretched s'), ʒ ...
Within the chart “close”, “open”, “mid”, “front”, “central”, and “back” refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. [3] At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. [4]
The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
The sound values of these letters are related to those of the original letters, and their derivation may be iconic. [ note 9 ] For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex equivalents of the source letters, and small capital letters usually represent uvular equivalents of their source letters.
If you've been shopping in a big box retail store you've probably heard an announcement on the loudspeaker such as, "code yellow toys, code yellow toys." This "code" is one of many innocuous ...
The words castle, fasten and raspberry are special cases where subsequent sound changes have altered the conditions initially responsible for lengthening. In castle and fasten , the /t/ was pronounced, according to a slight majority of 16th and 17th century sources. [ 23 ]