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Black spruce stand at Arctic Chalet, Inuvik, NT Spruce-pine-fir (SPF) is a classification of lumber that can be traded on commodities exchanges.. In Canada, and parts of the United States, most of the spruce tree species, pine tree species, and fir tree species share similar physical and mechanical characteristics, to the point where lumber derived from any of these species are interchangeable ...
Shelterwood cutting is ideal for species that are long-lived, have seedlings that would naturally tend to start under partial shade or full shade, [11] and have seeds that are not easily dispersible. [ 3 ] [ 2 ] It allows for natural regeneration from site-adapted trees that are retained because of their good genetics.
High grading can also be a form of fraud on the owner of the trees. Indeed, stumpage rates (the amount paid per a certain volume of wood) are based on the average quality of the wood. By taking only the best timber, the wood cutter obtains wood more valuable than average at the price of average wood.
Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry – primarily softwood, from coniferous species, including pine, fir and spruce (collectively spruce-pine-fir), cedar, and hemlock, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring. It is more commonly made from softwood than hardwoods, and 80% of lumber comes ...
US Forest Products Laboratory, "Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Wood" from the Wood Handbook Archived 2021-01-18 at the Wayback Machine PDF 916K; International Wood Collectors Society; Xiloteca Manuel Soler (One of the largest private collection of wood samples) African Timber Export Statistics
When testing wood in lumber form, the Janka test is always carried out on wood from the tree trunk (known as the heartwood), and the standard sample (according to ASTM D143) is at 12% moisture content and clear of knots. [3] The hardness of wood varies with the direction of the wood grain. Testing on the surface of a plank, perpendicular to the ...
The lumber is sold for profit, and the land, cleared of all remaining brush and suitable for agricultural development, is sold to farmers. [ 6 ] Clearcutting contrasts with selective cutting, such as high grading , in which only commercially valuable trees are harvested, leaving all others.
Preferred species for linear structural members are softwoods such as spruce, pine and fir. Light frame material dimensions range from 38 by 89 mm (1.5 by 3.5 in); i.e., a Dimensional number two-by-four to 5 cm by 30 cm (two-by-twelve inches) at the cross-section, and lengths ranging from 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) for walls to 7 metres (23 ft) or ...