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The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog [1] to refer to smoky fog due to its opacity, and odor. [2] The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog , a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century, where it was ...
Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. [1] [2] Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions.
Here, the falling air is warming adiabatically, and so the fog re-evaporates as it falls. [ citation needed ] Katabatic wind in Antarctica A katabatic wind (named from Ancient Greek κατάβασις ( katábasis ) 'descent') is a downslope wind caused by the flow of an elevated, high-density air mass into a lower-density air mass below under ...
[2] 461 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (northern Italy) and deposed by the Suebian general Ricimer as puppet emperor . 932 – After a two-year siege, the city of Toledo , in Spain , surrenders to the forces of the Caliph of Córdoba Abd al-Rahman III , assuming an important victory in his campaign to subjugate the Central March .
The inner Van Allen Belt extends typically from an altitude of 0.2 to 2 Earth radii (L values of 1.2 to 3) or 1,000 km (620 mi) to 12,000 km (7,500 mi) above the Earth. [ 4 ] [ 20 ] In certain cases, when solar activity is stronger or in geographical areas such as the South Atlantic Anomaly , the inner boundary may decline to roughly 200 km ...
The American Radiation Research Society (RRS) is an international professional association for scientists working to investigate the radiation effects from chemistry, physics, and biology perspectives and disseminates knowledge and information related to radiation research.
Bremsstrahlung produced by a high-energy electron deflected in the electric field of an atomic nucleus. In particle physics, bremsstrahlung / ˈ b r ɛ m ʃ t r ɑː l ə ŋ / [1] (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁɛms.ʃtʁaːlʊŋ] ⓘ; from German bremsen 'to brake' and Strahlung 'radiation') is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by ...
Safecast is an international, volunteer-centered organization devoted to open citizen science for environmental monitoring.Safecast was established by Sean Bonner, Pieter Franken, and Joi Ito shortly after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 and manages a global open data network for ionizing radiation and air quality monitoring.