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Bond graphs are multi-energy domain (e.g. mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, etc.) and domain neutral. This means a bond graph can incorporate multiple domains seamlessly. The bond graph is composed of the "bonds" which link together "single-port", "double-port" and "multi-port" elements (see below for details).
In chemical graph theory and in mathematical chemistry, a molecular graph or chemical graph is a representation of the structural formula of a chemical compound in terms of graph theory. A chemical graph is a labeled graph whose vertices correspond to the atoms of the compound and edges correspond to chemical bonds.
A bond of higher bond order also exerts greater repulsion since the pi bond electrons contribute. [10] For example in isobutylene, (H 3 C) 2 C=CH 2, the H 3 C−C=C angle (124°) is larger than the H 3 C−C−CH 3 angle (111.5°). However, in the carbonate ion, CO 2− 3, all three C−O bonds are equivalent with angles of 120° due to resonance.
A structural formula is a simplified model that cannot represent certain aspects of chemical structures. For example, formalized bonding may not be applicable to dynamic systems such as delocalized bonds. Aromaticity is such a case and relies on convention to represent the bonding. Different styles of structural formulas may represent ...
Another shorthand structural diagram is the skeletal formula (also known as a bond-line formula or carbon skeleton diagram). In a skeletal formula, carbon atoms are not signified by the symbol C but by the vertices of the lines. Hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon are not shown—they can be inferred by counting the number of bonds to a particular ...
A bond angle is the geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include: Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape.
In chemistry, a reaction coordinate [1] is an abstract one-dimensional coordinate chosen to represent progress along a reaction pathway. Where possible it is usually a geometric parameter that changes during the conversion of one or more molecular entities , such as bond length or bond angle .
The ionization of alkanes weakens the C-C bond, ultimately resulting in the decomposition. [7] As the bond breaks, a charged, even electron species (R+) and a neutral radical species (R•) are generated. Highly substituted carbocations are more stable than the nonsubstituted ones. An example is depicted below. Sigma bond cleavage of an alkane.