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  2. Oxia Palus quadrangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle

    Results of Mars Pathfinder's Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer indicated that some rocks in the Oxia Palus quadrangle are like Earth's andesites. The discovery of andesites shows that some Martian rocks have been remelted and reprocessed. On Earth, Andesite forms when magma sits in pockets of rock while some of the iron and magnesium settle out.

  3. Muon tomography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_tomography

    Muon tomography can be used for treaty verification due to many important factors. It is a passive method; it is safe for humans and will not apply an artificial radiological dose to the warhead. Cosmic rays are much more penetrating than gamma or x-rays. Warheads can be imaged in a container behind significant shielding and in presence of clutter.

  4. Ground-penetrating radar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar

    Data may be plotted as profiles, as planview maps isolating specific depths, or as three-dimensional models. GPR can be a powerful tool in favorable conditions (uniform sandy soils are ideal). Like other geophysical methods used in archaeology (and unlike excavation) it can locate artifacts and map features without any risk of damaging them.

  5. X-ray optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_optics

    X-ray optics is the branch of optics dealing with X-rays, rather than visible light.It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray astronomy.

  6. Composition of Mars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_Mars

    The two Mars exploration rovers each carry an Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer , a thermal emission spectrometer , and Mössbauer spectrometer to identify minerals on the surface. On October 17, 2012, the Curiosity rover on the planet Mars at " Rocknest " performed the first X-ray diffraction analysis of Martian soil .

  7. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray...

    Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA or EDAX) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. It relies on an interaction of some source of X-ray excitation and ...

  8. Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing-incidence_small...

    The scattered probe is either photons (grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, GISAXS) or neutrons (grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering, GISANS). GISAS combines the accessible length scales of small-angle scattering (SAS: SAXS or SANS ) and the surface sensitivity of grazing incidence diffraction (GID).

  9. Aeolis quadrangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle

    In the journal Science from September 2013, researchers described a different type of rock called Jake M (or Jake Matijevic) It was the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) instrument on the Curiosity rover, and it was different from other known martian igneous rocks as it is alkaline (>15% normative nepheline ...