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Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission , fragmentation , or budding ; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores .
The two-domain system is a biological classification by which all organisms in the tree of life are classified into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea. [1] [2] [3] It emerged from development of knowledge of archaea diversity and challenges the widely accepted three-domain system that classifies life into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. [4]
[1] [2] [3] The three-domain system of classifying life adds another division: the prokaryotes are divided into two domains of life, the microscopic bacteria and the microscopic archaea, while everything else, the eukaryotes, become the third domain. [4] Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers recycling nutrients.
The Thermoproteota are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the domain Archaea. [2] [3] [4] Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. [5]
Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (/ ˌ ɑːr k i b æ k ˈ t ɪər i ə /, in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use. [5] Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from Bacteria and Eukaryota. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla.
The three-domain system adds a level of classification (the domains) "above" the kingdoms present in the previously used five- or six-kingdom systems.This classification system recognizes the fundamental divide between the two prokaryotic groups, insofar as Archaea appear to be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to other prokaryotes – bacteria-like organisms with no cell nucleus.
An online version of the taxonomic outline of bacteria and archaea (TOBA) is available Main article: LPSN List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database based on the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes which currently contains over two thousand accepted names with their references, etymologies ...
Lokiarchaeota is a proposed phylum of the Archaea. [1] The phylum includes all members of the group previously named Deep Sea Archaeal Group, also known as Marine Benthic Group B. Lokiarchaeota is part of the superphylum Asgard containing the phyla: Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota, Heimdallarchaeota, and Helarchaeota. [2]