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Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous hepatic cholangiogram (PTHC) is a radiological technique used to visualize the anatomy of the biliary tract. [1] A contrast medium is injected into a bile duct in the liver , after which X-rays are taken.
Cholecystostomy or (cholecystotomy) is a medical procedure used to drain the gallbladder through either a percutaneous or endoscopic approach. The procedure involves creating a stoma in the gallbladder, which can facilitate placement of a tube or stent for drainage, first performed by American surgeon, Dr. John Stough Bobbs, in 1867.
Other procedures associated with ERCP include the trawling of the common bile duct with a basket or balloon to remove gallstones and the insertion of a plastic stent to assist the drainage of bile. [11] Also, the pancreatic duct can be cannulated and stents be inserted. The pancreatic duct requires visualisation in cases of pancreatitis.
Depending on a patient's condition, this type of obstructive jaundice can be alleviated with surgery or chemotherapy but if these measures fail to restore proper flow of bile, an interventional radiologist can perform a procedure called a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). [20]
If surgery is not possible, endoscopic stenting or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) of the biliary tree can reduce jaundice and a stent in the stomach may relieve vomiting. Chemotherapy and radiation may also be used with surgery. If gallbladder cancer is diagnosed after cholecystectomy for stone disease (incidental cancer), re ...
Biliary drainage is performed with a tube or catheter (called a biliary drain, biliary stent or biliary catheter) by a surgeon or, commonly, an interventional radiologist. [3] It can be used to relieve a blockage in the bile duct, either permanently or as a temporary solution before definite treatment such as surgery.
In cases where a patient is not a suitable candidate for surgery, an endoscopic stent can be placed. [112] If this is not possible or successful, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram and percutaneous biliary drainage can be used to visualize the blockage and re-establish bile flow. [113]
[medical citation needed] A fluid diet is started after surgery and the diet is advanced as tolerated by the patient. [16] Liver function tests should be restudied as needed during the postoperative recovery period. The average hospital stay ranges from 3–8 days but patients can be discharged as early as postoperative day 4. [17]