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  2. Inheritance (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object...

    Language designs that decouple inheritance from subtyping (interface inheritance) appeared as early as 1990; [21] a modern example of this is the Go programming language. Complex inheritance, or inheritance used within an insufficiently mature design, may lead to the yo-yo problem. When inheritance was used as a primary approach to structure ...

  3. Multiple inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance

    Prior to Java 8, Java was not subject to the Diamond problem risk, because it did not support multiple inheritance and interface default methods were not available. JavaFX Script in version 1.2 allows multiple inheritance through the use of mixins. In case of conflict, the compiler prohibits the direct usage of the ambiguous variable or function.

  4. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    One could not, for example, shuffle an array of strings. Therefore, both Java and C# treat array types covariantly. For instance, in Java String [] is a subtype of Object [], and in C# string [] is a subtype of object []. As discussed above, covariant arrays lead to problems with writes into the array. Java [4]: 126 and C# deal with this by ...

  5. Complex data type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_data_type

    javafastcomplex also adds complex number support for Java. jcomplexnumber is a project on implementation of complex number in Java. JLinAlg includes complex numbers with arbitrary precision. Common Lisp: The ANSI Common Lisp standard supports complex numbers of floats, rationals and arbitrary precision integers. Its basic mathematical functions ...

  6. Composition over inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance

    Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]

  7. Twin pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_pattern

    In software engineering, the Twin pattern is a software design pattern that allows developers to model multiple inheritance in programming languages that do not support multiple inheritance. This pattern avoids many of the problems with multiple inheritance. [1]

  8. Factory method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern

    In object-oriented programming, the factory method pattern is a design pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify their exact classes. Rather than by calling a constructor , this is accomplished by invoking a factory method to create an object.

  9. Class-based programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-based_programming

    In class-based programming, inheritance is done by defining new classes as extensions of existing classes: the existing class is the parent class and the new class is the child class. If a child class has only one parent class, this is known as single inheritance , while if a child class can have more than one parent class, this is known as ...