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In genetics, concordance is the probability that a pair of individuals will both have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Concordance can be measured with concordance rates , reflecting the odds of one person having the trait if the other does.
Direct benefits are widespread and empirical studies provide evidence for this mechanism of evolution. [19] [20] One example of a sexually selected trait with direct benefits is the bright plumage of the northern cardinal, a common backyard bird in the eastern United States. Male northern cardinals have conspicuous red feathers, while the ...
A cline is a spatial gradient in a single specific trait, rather than in a collection of traits; [3] a single population can therefore have as many clines as it has traits, at least in principle. [4] Additionally, as Julian Huxley recognised, these multiple independent clines may not act in concordance with each other.
Convergent evolution—the repeated evolution of similar traits in multiple lineages which all ancestrally lack the trait—is rife in nature, as illustrated by the examples below. The ultimate cause of convergence is usually a similar evolutionary biome , as similar environments will select for similar traits in any species occupying the same ...
Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses.The comparative method has a long history in evolutionary biology; indeed, Charles Darwin used differences and similarities between species as a major source of evidence in The Origin of Species.
a perceptible trait—the hypothetical "green beard" recognition of this trait by others; preferential treatment of individuals with the trait by others with the trait; The carrier of the gene (or a specific allele) is essentially recognizing copies of the same gene (or a specific allele) in other individuals.
Scientists have discovered that dogs may be entering a new wave of domestication, as humans now seek to have companions that are friendlier and calmer.. A few decades ago, dogs were seen as ...
Some examples of evolution in species over many generations are the peppered moth and flightless birds. In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what Julian Huxley called the modern synthesis of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as genetics and ecology, systematics , and ...