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Certain lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are used as psychiatric medication, [5] primarily for bipolar disorder and for major depressive disorder. [5] Lithium is taken orally (by mouth). [5] Common side effects include increased urination, shakiness of the hands, and increased thirst. [5]
Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar). Signs and symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and ataxia. [3]
Excessive levels of lithium can be harmful to the kidneys, and increase the risk of side effects in general. As a result, kidney function and blood levels of lithium are monitored in patients being treated with lithium. [2] Therapeutic plasma levels of lithium range from 0.5 to 1.5 mEq/L, with levels of 0.8 or higher being desirable in acute ...
[144] [145] Lithium reduces the risk of suicide, self-harm, and death in people with bipolar disorder. [146] Lithium is preferred for long-term mood stabilization. [68] Lithium treatment is also associated with adverse effects and it has been shown to erode kidney and thyroid function over extended periods. [17]
The soft drink 7Up was originally named "Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda" when it was formulated in 1929 because it contained lithium citrate. The beverage was a patent medicine marketed as a cure for hangover. Lithium citrate was removed from 7Up in 1948 [5] after the Food and Drug Administration banned its use in soda. [6]
Lithium toxicity, also known as lithium overdose, is the condition of having too much lithium. Symptoms may include a tremor, increased reflexes, trouble walking, kidney problems, and an altered level of consciousness. Some symptoms may last for a year after levels return to normal. Complications may include serotonin syndrome. [1]
The Mayo Clinic diet, a program that adheres to this notion, was developed by medical professionals based on scientific research, so you can trust that this program is based on science, and not ...
The theory of dosage, set, and setting is a useful model in dealing with the effects of psychoactive substances, especially in a controlled therapeutic setting as well as in recreational use. Dr. Timothy Leary , based on his own experiences and systematic observations on psychedelics, developed this theory along with his colleagues Ralph ...