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Certain lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are used as psychiatric medication, [5] primarily for bipolar disorder and for major depressive disorder. [5] Lithium is taken orally (by mouth). [5] Common side effects include increased urination, shakiness of the hands, and increased thirst. [5]
Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar). Signs and symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and ataxia. [3]
Excessive levels of lithium can be harmful to the kidneys, and increase the risk of side effects in general. As a result, kidney function and blood levels of lithium are monitored in patients being treated with lithium. [2] Therapeutic plasma levels of lithium range from 0.5 to 1.5 mEq/L, with levels of 0.8 or higher being desirable in acute ...
Due to lithium's narrow therapeutic index, lithium levels must be monitored regularly for prevention of lithium toxicity. There is also evidence that the anticonvulsants valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate are effective in the reduction of symptoms of hypomanic and depressive episodes of bipolar disorder.
Symptom location: In addition to the back, Sarno stated that TMS symptoms can occur in the neck, knee, arms, wrists, and other parts of the body. [2] Schechter states that the symptoms have a tendency to move to other parts of the body. He considers symptom movement an important indicator that the pain is from TMS. [1]
The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by a lithium level blood level. [1] [2] Blood levels are most useful six to twelve hours after the last dose. [2] The normal blood serum lithium level in those on treatment is between 0.6-1.2 mEq/L. [1] Some blood tubes contain lithium heparin which may result in falsely elevated ...
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Differential diagnosis: Kidney failure, high blood calcium, high blood potassium, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, lithium toxicity, red blood cell breakdown, rhabdomyolysis [4] Treatment: Calcium chloride, intravenous normal saline with furosemide, hemodialysis [1] Frequency: Uncommon [3]