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Tumor cells describe irregular tubular structures, harboring pluristratification, multiple lumens, reduced stroma ("back to back" aspect). Sometimes, tumor cells are discohesive and secrete mucus, which invades the interstitium producing large pools of mucus. This occurs in mucinous adenocarcinoma, in which cells are poorly differentiated.
IDCP associated with invasive carcinoma (IDCP-inv) generally represents a growth pattern of invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma while the rarely encountered pure IDCP is a precursor of prostate cancer. [20] The diagnostic criterion of nuclear size at least 6 times normal is ambiguous as size could refer to either nuclear area or diameter.
Lower Gleason scores describe well-differentiated less aggressive tumors. Other systems include the Bloom-Richardson grading system for breast cancer and the Fuhrman system for kidney cancer . Invasive-front grading is useful as well in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Gleason scores are often grouped together, based on similar behaviour: Grade 2-4 as well-differentiated, Grade 5-6 as intermediately-differentiated, Grade 7 as moderately to poorly differentiated (either 3+4=7, where the majority is pattern 3, or 4+3=7 in which pattern 4 dominates and indicates less differentiation., [6] and Grade 8-10 as "high ...
Well-differentiated adenocarcinomas tend to resemble the glandular tissue that they are derived from, while poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas may not. By staining the cells from a biopsy , a pathologist can determine whether the tumor is an adenocarcinoma or some other type of cancer.
G (1–4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated) S (0–3): elevation of serum tumor markers; R (0–2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not) Pn (0–1): invasion into adjunct nerves
Grade 1 cancers (also called low grade or well differentiated) look very much like normal salivary gland cells. They tend to grow slowly and have a good outcome (prognosis). Grade 2 cancers (also called intermediate grade or moderately differentiated) have an appearance and outlook that is between grade 1 and grade 3 cancers.
Date: 6 September 2022: Source: Zhou P, Cao Y, Li M, Ma Y, Chen C, Gan X (2022). "HCCANet: histopathological image grading of colorectal cancer using CNN based on multichannel fusion attention mechanism.