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Color change is widespread in ectotherms including anoles, frogs, mollusks, many fish, insects, and spiders. [49] The mechanism behind this color change can be either morphological or physiological. Morphological change is the result of a change in the density of pigment containing cells and tends to change over longer periods of time.
Coleoid cephalopods (including octopuses, squids and cuttlefish) have complex multicellular organs that they use to change colour rapidly, producing a wide variety of bright colours and patterns. Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial , and sheath cells. [ 43 ]
The color and brightness of light reflected by many species is determined by the thickness, spacing, and refractive index (how fast light can travel through the membrane) of the Bragg lamellae. [9] A change in membrane thickness triggers an outflow of water from the Bragg lamellae, essentially dehydrating it, increasing their refractive index ...
Cephalopod molluscs such as this cuttlefish can change color rapidly for signaling or to match their backgrounds. Active camouflage or adaptive camouflage is camouflage that adapts, often rapidly, to the surroundings of an object such as an animal or military vehicle. In theory, active camouflage could provide perfect concealment from visual ...
Some cephalopods are capable of rapid changes in skin colour and pattern through nervous control of chromatophores. [22] This ability almost certainly evolved primarily for camouflage, but squid use color, patterns, and flashing to communicate with each other in various courtship rituals. [21]
Cephalopod molluscs like squid can voluntarily change their coloration by contracting or relaxationg small muscles around their chromatophores. [52] The energy cost of the complete activation of the chromatophore system is very high, equalling nearly as much as all the energy used by an octopus at rest. [ 54 ]
Chameleons - Colour change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons. [3] [4] Because chameleons are ectothermic, they change color also to regulate their body temperatures, either to a darker color to absorb light and heat to raise their temperature, or to a lighter color to reflect light and heat, thereby either stabilizing or lowering their body ...
Cephalopod ink is a dark-coloured or luminous ink released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses), [ 1 ] are able to release ink to confuse predators .