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William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
[7] [41] William Cross proposed a prominent model of Black racial identity called the Nigrescence theory. [41] [42] Lastly, the reconstructionist approach examines the ways in which racism influences interactions between Black and White people. [7]
This model is depicted in the 6th episode of the 2023 TV series Unprisoned. [4] [circular reference] Charles Thomas came up with the concept of negromachy. He believed there was a confusion of self-worth where the person shows inappropriate dependence on white society for self definition. He created a five-stage nigrescence model.
The White Racial Identity Model was developed by an African American psychologist, Janet Helms in 1992. [3] It is a racial and ethnic identity model created specifically for people who identify as White. This theory, heavily influenced by William Cross, has become a widely referenced and studied theory on White racial identity development. [4]
Na'im Akbar is a clinical psychologist well known for his Afrocentric approach to psychology. He is a distinguished scholar, public speaker, and author. [1] Akbar entered the world of Black psychology in the 1960s, as the Black Power Movement was gaining momentum. [2]
The International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM) is an ACM SIGPLAN symposium on memory management. In French , it is known as Institut des Sciences de Maçon Multitasking. Before becoming a conference it was known as the International Workshop on Memory Management ( IWMM ).
William Cross (politician) (1856–1892), British Member of Parliament for Liverpool West Derby, 1888–1893; William Cross (rower) (1908–1993), Australian Olympic rower; William Cross (rugby union) (1851–1890), Scottish rugby union player and referee; William E. Cross Jr. (born 1940), professor at the CUNY Graduate Center
Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974) is a book by the economists Robert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman.Fogel and Engerman argued that slavery was an economically rational institution and that the economic exploitation of slaves was not as catastrophic as presumed, because there were financial incentives for slaveholders to maintain a basic level of material support ...