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Some DNA banks also store the DNA of rare or endangered species to ensure their survival. [1] The DNA bank can be used to compare and analyze DNA samples. Comparison of DNA samples allowed scientists to work on the Human Genome Project, which maps out many of the genes on human DNA. It has also led to the development of preventive genetics.
An example of a DNA bank is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a seedbank which is intended to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds (such as important crops) in case of their extinction. [3] The Memory of Mankind project involves engraving human knowledge on clay tablets and storing it in a salt mine. [4] The engravings are microscopic. [5]
The term "biobank" first appeared in the late 1990s and is a broad term that has evolved in recent years. [1] [2] One definition is "an organized collection of human biological material and associated information stored for one or more research purposes."
Who We Are and How We Got Here is a 2018 book on the contribution of genome-wide ancient DNA research to human population genetics by the geneticist David Reich.He describes discoveries made by his group and others, based on analysis and comparison of ancient and modern DNA from human populations around the world.
Epigenetic markers strengthen and weaken transcription of certain genes but do not affect the actual sequence of DNA nucleotides. DNA methylation is a major form of epigenetic control over gene expression and one of the most highly studied topics in epigenetics. During development, the human DNA methylation profile experiences dramatic changes.
The Genographic Project, launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, was a genetic anthropological study (sales discontinued on 31 May 2019) that aimed to map historical human migrations patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples. [1]
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A DNA database or DNA databank is a database of DNA profiles which can be used in the analysis of genetic diseases, genetic fingerprinting for criminology, or genetic genealogy. DNA databases may be public or private, the largest ones being national DNA databases. DNA databases are often employed in forensic investigations.